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6.1 INTRODUCTION Mobile ad hoc networks consist of mobile nodes that autonomously establish connectivity via multihop wireless communications. Without relying on any existing, precon gured network infrastructure or centralized control, mobile ad hoc networks can be instantly deployed and hence are useful in many situations where impromptu communication facilities are required. Typical examples include battle eld communications and disaster relief missions, in which communication infrastructures are not available or have been torn down. For many applications, nodes need collaboration to achieve common goals and are expected to communicate as a group rather than as pairs of individuals (point-to-point). For instance, soldiers roaming in the battle eld may need to receive commands from a commander (point-to-multipoint), or a group of commanders may teleconference current mission scenarios with one another (multipoint-to-multipoint). Therefore, multipoint communications serve as one critical operation to support these applications. Many multicast routing protocols have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks. Of them, several protocols rely on constructing a tree spanning all group members [1, 2], which may not be robust enough when the network becomes more dynamic with less reliable wireless links. In contrast, several protocols have data packets transmitted into more than one link, and they allow packets to be received over the links that are not branches of a multicast tree. These protocols fall into the category of mesh-based protocols because group connectivity is formed as a mesh rather than a tree to increase

Each radio band exhibits characteristic channels driven by the physics of the radio carrier frequencies of the band. Therefore, each of the radio knowledge

Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Edited by Azzedine Boukerche Copyright 2009 by John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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sections that follow is organized by RF band The four knowledge components per band are: 1 Physical Parameters (a) The ITU frequency limits of the band (b) Wavelengths the converse of frequency with respect to the speed of light (c) Propagation modes engineering parameters of the way energy is propagated such as multipath delay spread, the range of variation of multipath delays, and Doppler spread <Propagation-modes/> are statistical aggregates distinct from <RF> <Modes/> </RF> 2 Spatial Distribution of Energy: The details of energy re ections from objects in the scene, including terrain features, buildings, vehicles, and people 3 Available Communications Modes: Channel symbols and network organization and protocols representative of communications in the band These are the <RF> <Modes/> </RF> 4 Services and Systems: Services available in the band and how they are obtained Historically, services were intimately associated with communications systems.

robustness at the price of higher redundancy in data transmission Flooding, where data packets are forwarded to and received from all links, is also considered a mesh protocol since the mesh is in fact the entire network topology In highly dynamic, highly mobile ad hoc networks, ooding is a better alternative to multicast routing due to its minimal state and high reliability [3] To the extreme, ooding provides the most robust, but the least ef cient, mechanism since a multicast packet will be forwarded to every node as long as the network is not partitioned, while a tree-based approach offers ef ciency but is not robust enough to accommodate highly dynamic scenarios.

With particular hardware, one could get speci c services For location information, one needed a LORAN or, subsequently, a GPS receiver To nd the airport required a TACAN or microwave landing receiver SDR enables a broader scope of available services on general purpose communications hardware software platforms AACR that bridges across legacy systems, modern SDR, and iCR must know about the legacy hardware Antennas, legacy communications products, and evolving SDR products therefore are part of this knowledge base of this chapter General uses of these four radio knowledge components are outlined in the next few sections 713 Physics-Related Knowledge The ITU frequency limits de ne a radio band AACRs must communicate with spectrum management authorities with precision and accuracy A database of radio spectrum allocations as a function of relevant regulatory authority (RA) would be a comprehensive way of embedding the basic knowledge of band allocations.

him learn not only how to quote Pounds but how to know when he should offset the positions to reduce his risk, or to actually take the other side of the trade and build a position for the bank He s still working at that same desk now and makes a huge amount of money Can we visit him Yes Sure We ll do that next week perhaps Great! I appreciate that What happened next to George He held onto this losing position for three months By then, three traders had quit and he couldn t hire more because he d have to show them his terrible trades He started to get depressed He came into the office every day, and they were watching the same position, over and over Looking for a time to get out of one side, and keep the other.

Furthermore, routing based on the concept of connected dominating set [4 7] can also increase the overall ef ciency since the search space is reduced to only nodes in the dominating set during the route discovery and maintenance processes Furthermore, most proposed ad hoc multicast routing protocols may only be suitable for speci c network conditions and exhibit drawbacks in other conditions For instance, protocols that are aggressive in data forwarding and yield a high delivery ratio in highly dynamic environments may overkill when the network is relatively static As a result, this chapter describes a mobility-adaptive multicast routing protocol, called Adaptive Dynamic Backbone Multicast (ADBM), which offers ef cient multicast operations in static or quasi-static environments and becomes more aggressive and effective in highly dynamic environments, even within the same network.

This knowledge can be used by a CR in employing radio bands for which it had not been previously programmed, such as in creating a new ad hoc network in a band previously off limits AACRs with limited memory may acquire new physics-related knowledge from trusted sources like RAs using physics-related ontological primitives..

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